How can we understand phased array radar?

  Phased Array Radar is an advanced radar technology that uses electronic control to direct the beam. By altering the phase differences among the individual radiating elements in the antenna array, it can rapidly scan and direct the beam without the need for mechanical rotation of the antenna.
The following are its core features and working principles:

Core principle:

Phase control:
  A large array composed of numerous small antenna elements (antennas) is formed. Each antenna element independently transmits and receives signals.
By adjusting the phase difference of the signals of each antenna element, the electromagnetic waves are superimposed and enhanced in a specific direction (beamforming), while being cancelled out in other directions, achieving electronic steering of the beam.

Beam flexibility:
  The beam can switch directions in microsecond-level, supporting multi-target tracking and rapid scanning (such as simultaneously monitoring multiple areas).
It can dynamically allocate beam resources (for example: some array elements track the target, while others search for new targets).

Type:

Active phased array (AESA):
  Each array element integrates an independent transmitting/receiving module (T/R component), which ensures high reliability and strong anti-interference capability.
Applications: Modern fighter jets (such as F-35), early warning aircraft (such as Air警-500)， missile defense systems.

Passive Phased Array (PESA):
  Using a single transmitter and controlling the beam through a phase shifter, this method is cost-effective but has limited functionality.
Application: Early radar systems (such as the radar of the Russian S-300).

advantage:

  Fast Response: The beam switching speed is much faster than that of mechanical scanning radar.
Multi-tasking Capability: It can simultaneously perform functions such as search, tracking, and communication.
Anti-interference: Interference directions can be suppressed through adaptive nulling.
Stealth Detection: High sensitivity, capable of detecting stealth aircraft and other low-observable targets.

Typical application:

  Military: Missile guidance, shipborne air defense (such as the US "Aegis" system), airborne fire control radar.
Civilian: Weather radar (for monitoring severe convective weather), satellite communication, airport air traffic control.

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